Per Google image search
This is a vintage Chaplin's Patent Standard Tool Co. center square, an antique measuring and marking tool used in woodworking and metalworking.
This specific item appears to be the main body of the tool, known as the head or base, which is made of cast iron.
It is designed to attach to a steel rule (which is missing in this image) to accurately find the center of round stock or mark 90-degree angles.
These tools were produced in the late 19th century, with patents dating to the 1880s.
The base shown is likely a 6-inch size, a less common variant among the original offerings of 4, 5, and 6-inch bases.